Learning from R&D outsourcing vs. learning by R&D outsourcing

We analyze how research and development (R&D) outsourcing influences product innovation. We propose a separation between learning from R&D outsourcing, whereby the firm improves its ability to innovate by using outsourced R&D directly in new products, from learning by R&D outsourcing, whereby the firm indirectly uses outsourced R&D by integrating it with internal R&D to create new products. Building on the knowledge-based view, we argue that learning from R&D outsourcing is likely to have an inverse U-shaped relationship with product innovation, because the initial benefits of using outsourced component R&D knowledge to innovate products is eventually outweighed by the hollowing out of the firm's ability to innovate. In contrast, we propose that learning by R&D outsourcing is likely to have a U-shaped relationship with product innovation, because the initial challenges of integrating internal and external R&D are eventually overcome, resulting in more innovations. Finally, we distinguish between domestic and foreign R&D outsourcing and propose a liability of foreignness in R&D outsourcing as it has a lower impact on new products than domestic R&D outsourcing. The empirical analysis shows that outsourced R&D has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the number of new products, while the interaction between outsourced R&D and internal R&D has a U-shaped relationship with the number of new products. It also shows that domestic outsourced R&D has a higher positive impact on the number of new products than foreign outsourced R&D.     

创业网络结构属性如何影响创业学习方式的选择——基于印记理论的单案例研究

创业网络对具有新进入缺陷的新创企业以及创业者而言有着至关重要的作用，不仅表现为"知识源"作用，也表现为"印记源"作用。印记理论指出个体或组织在其容易受到影响的时期，外部环境的显著特征将对其产生重大影响，个体和组织将打上环境特征的烙印，并且这种烙印将持续影响个体和组织的行为。基于此，本研究基于印记理论，利用对一家创业企业的归纳式纵向单案例分析探讨创业网络不同的结构属性经由何种印记过程，继而影响创业者学习方式的选择。结果表明：当创业网络表现为封闭、半开放以及开放的不同网络结构时，经由不同结构属性导致的结构印记和认知印记过程差异，影响着创业者实验式学习、观察式学习以及协同式学习的不同选择。     

Trading off learning and performance: Exploration and exploitation at work

Employees are increasingly given control over how they learn, and their choices for training are diverse and varied, yet employees must balance competing demands. On one hand, they are expected to be increasingly efficient in their current job duties – on the other hand, they are expected to develop new skills and competencies that enable them to adapt and respond to changing job demands. Drawing from the organizational learning literature, we propose a model of worker and work characteristics that inform choices between two mindsets related to learning at work. The first mindset is exploration, or the pursuit of learning outside one’s current knowledge domain; the second mindset is exploitation, the refinement/deepening of one’s existing knowledge stock focusing on the task at hand. We further propose that these strategic choices, or trade-offs, influence employee learning and performance in unique ways, with different implications for both routine and adaptive performance. Finally, we incorporate the notions of feedback loops and risk assessments that influence ongoing decisions between exploration and exploitation mindsets. Recommendations for future research and extensions of the theoretical model are also proposed.     

组织整合视角下情景双元动态收敛过程研究

基于组织资源基础理论，探索性提出以组织整合为中介，以创业导向和组织情景为阶段性调节变量的间断平衡向情景双元平衡收敛的动态过程模型。通过对高科技企业210名员工的调查统计分析，结果发现：①组织间断平衡正向影响情景双元；②组织整合在间断平衡对情景双元的影响中起中介作用；③创业导向在中介的前后两个阶段均起调节作用；④组织情景仅在中介的后一阶段起调节作用。该研究从静态平衡拓展到情景双元平衡形成的动态收敛过程，揭示了情景双元形成的内在作用机理，对企业有效实现双元平衡具有重要实践意义。     

技术价值分界及其决策的伦理指向研究——以保罗的后果不确定技术价值分界理论为例

合理的技术价值界限是理性决策的依据。对于复杂的新技术，尤其是后果不确定技术，不同主体间价值认知分歧直接导致价值界限不清，成为理性决策的难点。以保罗的实用对话伦理理论为认知路径，讨论此类技术价值分界方法。通过比较功利主义、自由至上主义在价值认识和判断上的后果差异，揭示后果不确定技术价值在不同主体间漂移的原因，探索在不同价值主体间产生伦理维度的技术价值界限方法。在开放式语义环境中，不同价值主体之间的共识即是技术价值的伦理界限，可为决策公正提供伦理支撑，避免因主体缺失而导致在应用中发生技术价值过度偏失和决策失当，为我国发展诸如转基因水稻等后果不确定技术决策提供可操作性的方法论借鉴。     

Performance and learning in an ambiguous environment: A study of cryptocurrency traders

We investigate the performance and learning ability of traders in an environment governed by ambiguity, such as the cryptocurrency market. Using a profit decomposition methodology, we find significant cross-sectional and temporal heterogeneity in performance. Traders do not learn to progressively increase the magnitude of returns; however, they are able to improve on their ability to realise profits as a mechanism of adaptation to survive through ambiguity. This adaptation increases as traders progress through their career. Moreover, we find evidence in support of the gambler’s fallacy. We argue that learning in ambiguous environments has limitations, allowing traders primarily to survive.     

经济开放与货币需求:国际金融风险及持币成本的测度

在中国开放经济体制下的基准货币需求模型中,本文将源于国际金融市场的持币成本设为遗漏潜变量,并构建特定的国际金融综合指数(CIFI)作为该潜变量的测度。借鉴机器学习与测度理论,本文利用对数误差修正模型提出了分步降维的CIFI构造算法,构造了长期CIFI和短期CIFI。结果表明,CIFI构造中的无监督降维步骤有助于减少高维金融数据中的冗余信息。实证分析发现,国际机会成本对中国货币需求具有规律性的前导影响,而在2007至2008年国际金融危机期间,央行的应急措施对长期CIFI所代表的非均衡冲击起到明显的阻截效果,对短期CIFI的影响基本是持续不变的。通过综合指数构造与宏观货币需求模型的算法连接,可以利用CIFI的构成结构从前导时间与影响强度两方面追踪冲击货币需求的国际金融风险的具体来源,这为宏观决策者监测国际金融市场提供了颇有规律的信息。在方法论上,本研究为如何利用模型监测国际金融市场影响宏观经济开辟了一条新路。     

双元视角下调节聚焦对国防研发人员创新行为的影响机制

调节聚焦作为个体实现目标的动机调节系统，对个体创新行为具有重要作用，是组织行为学领域关注的热点。基于调节聚焦等相关理论，从二维视角深入考察个体调节聚焦对其双元创新的过程机理与边界机制。对527名国防科技研发人员进行问卷调研分析，结果发现：①促进聚焦和防御聚焦均正向预测双元创新及其平衡性与互补性，促进聚焦的预测作用更强；②探索式失败学习和利用式失败学习同时中介上述关系；③正向组织差错管理氛围正向调节促进聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系，负向组织差错管理氛围正向调节防御聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系。     

创业失败经验对连续创业意愿的影响——创业失败学习与市场动荡性的作用

基于经验学习理论，探究创业失败经验如何通过创业失败学习影响创业者连续创业意愿，以及市场动荡性的调节作用。对176位有失败经历的创业者进行问卷调查，结果表明：创业失败经验对创业失败学习和连续创业意愿均有显著正向影响；创业失败学习在创业失败经验与连续创业意愿关系间起中介作用；市场动荡性负向调节创业失败学习与连续创业意愿的关系，即市场动荡性越高，创业失败学习与连续创业意愿间的关系越弱。研究结论对于拓展创业失败经验与连续创业意愿研究、帮助创业者从失败中复原，以及激励连续创业具有重要理论价值和实践意义。